Album Covers

No doubt 

American rock band that 1986. Since 1994 the group has consisted of, Gwen Stephani, Tony Kanal, Tom Dumont and Adrain Young. They are of similar genre to Garbage, therefore i am going to analyse some of their didgpaks or album covers. 

They are an alternative rock band and in this cover i can denote that there is a lot going on and the main focus is the women. The band's name 'No Doubt' is also in large writing at the top of the album cover. The cover is also animated and there is a large circle behind her with a tress and people working in it. A common convention in the album covers seem to be with a large eye catching design in the centre of the album cover. The album title is called 'tragic kingdom'. I am able to denote also that there are flies on the outside of the circle as if they have flown through and it's a vortex. The female at the front may be represented as Gwen Stephani. The people in the back ground may possibly be the rest of the band mates.   

This is another cover called 'Hella Good'. This is one of the more early covers that No Doubt released. The background is back and white and the colour scheme is again three colours; red, black and white. The band members hair is also either black or bleach blonde. This was a common hair colour in the early 2000's and late 90's. The background is black and white and is in a circle, the preferred reading of this may be a vortex and to mess with the audience's eyes. Overall this is a very simple album cover and the colour scheme matches the general conventions of a pop rock album cover. The writing is bold and stands out to the audience.  

Digipak analysis

Below there is an example of a digipack by Garbage.

The outside of the digipak are bright colours; such as pink, blue and greens. The colours shown are similar to bright Chinese culture.The blossom colour of the small flowers on the cover help the audience to connote the bright culture of the art work.
 There is a bright pink colour on the outside then the main background seems to be a light blue, in which we can connote is the colour of water and this allows us to assume that the blue signifies a river and the leaves and flowers are possibly floating in the river. The blue could also represent the sky, therefore the flowers and the leaves would be  floating in the air. This allows the audience to get a sense of calmness and serenity from the outside and inside of the digipak. However these colours contrast the music that Garbage create.  Garbage are an indie rock band therefore, the cover being bright colours goes against the conventions of a indie rock bands digipak. As a member of the audience i would assume that the cover would be dark like their music; much like in the Foo Fighters cover (in which Butch Vig {the drummer of Garbage} helped to produce). 

   Butch Vig helped to produce the Foo Fighters digipak 'wasting light'. From this digipak we are able to denote the distressed background; meaning that the background is not 100% black but has some white. This is a factor that matches the typical conventions of a rock bands digipak or CD cover. We are also able to denote the limited by bright colour palette used on the front of this digipak. The audience is able to denote the band member's faces layered over each other and then with colours such as: pink, green, blue and red. The colouring of the bands faces is also connected with the title of the digipak, which is red. The text is also sans-serif, this is a repeated font throughout the digipak. Again keeping the text the same font throughout a digipak is a common convention that is used often. This is due to the fact that when purchasing an album people will assossaite the writing with the album and also - if there is booklet or if the CD - then they will be able to match the CD with its case with ease. 

This is the back of the digipak of the Foo Fighters 'Wasting Light'. Here we see the track list clearly and in a neat list. The track list is a must in creating a digipak, due tot he fact that people want to know what is on the CD and and in what order the songs are in; this allows for simpler hearing. the didgipak must also include credits to the producers and everyone who has worked on the digipak and the music itself. In this paragraph there is also copyrights. There is also the barcode in which is used for purchasing the digipak and to help retailers with stock control. All of these are necessary to create a formal and real digipak. The colour scheme from the front of the digipak has also been continued onto the back of the pack. This is for continuity and allows a member of the public to spot the digipak as Garbage when they see it. On the back there is a distressed tone to the colours and the background being bald is still also distressed. 
Another band that is of similar genre and work to garbage would be the cure. The cure are a rock band that were formed in England in 1976. They are similar and have a strong correlation to Garbage. The cure's digipak that i have chosen is made up of a limited pallet of colours also. The colours used are; reds, blues and black. There is also some white for the appearance of a distressed looking digipak. This correlates positively to the Foo Fighter's digipak. Bother rock bands and both involve a very limited colour pallet with a distressed appearance as a common factor. From this i can connote that it is a typical convention for a rock band to have distressed colouring on their digipak. Because of both of these bands having distressed colouring and comparing it to Garbage's digipak i can connote that Garbage (in this particular digipak) goes against the typical conventions of a rock genre digipak. 

So in this digipak i can denote that the colour red has been used fort he majority of the cover. The red and blue are both primary colours and they attract the audience's attention because they are very bold.  The image on the front cover engages the viewer and the hand drawn effect makes the album seem more personal and that they created it all themselves and that it cannot be recreated or copied by anyone else. Also the hand drawn effect gives the digipak an edgy look; this reflects the music that is created and how the cure are a rock indie band. However this digipak also goes against the typical conventions for a rock digipak. Although using simple colour schemes the track list onthe pack goes round in a clockwise rotation and is very small, therefore to some audiences may be difficult to read. There is a bar code on the back much like all of the other digipaks. A barcode not only is a typical convention but is needed for the help of sales and stock intake. 
 The pixies are also a similar band to Garbage. The pixies were formed in Boston in 1986. The digipak below is for 'Head Carrier' by the Pixies. The album involves a three tone colour scheme. The colours are orange, black and white. Again this seems to follow the general conventions of a indie rock bands. Garbage's digipak kind of follows these conventions with only several colour however the colours are in more detail and the pattern is more planned than in comparison to the other bands. 

Overall from what i have analysed; i can connote that the first digipak of this post (by Garbage) doesn't follow many of the typical conventions of a indie/rock bands digipak. The digipak is several different colours with several different shades; therefore, making it different already to the other digipaks in which use 3 or four colours (all of which are bold and bright) where as in the digipak of Garbage the colours are light and pale. Then in most of the digipaks the CD and the booklet are the same design to the inside and outside of the digipak. Whereas, in Garbage's digipak the colour of the CD and booklet are nearly the opposite. With the outside being light and pale colours, you then open the digipak up to find that the CD and booklet are 90% back. The 'G' on the cover of the booklet is made up of bones and has suddenly taken a dark turn. This would take the audience by surprise therefore, enticing them to read the booklet and to listen to the music because if they are not fans of the ban they would be unsure as to what they would be about to listen to. Also overall Garbage are a unique band that stand up for many groups such as LBGT and feminist organisations. They have also stated that they like surprising people and don't like going along with the typical conventions that they have been given. 

Previous Garbage Videos

'I think I'm paranoid' is in black and white and all throughout, there is performance. The lead singer (Shirley Manson) is the only person we can denote in the music video. There is a long shot and we can denote her whole body and the mode of address is her looking directly at the camera whilst singing.
 There is also some extreme close shots of her mouth singing the song  - lip syncing the lyrics. We can denote that she is wearing the dark lipstick and that the song is clearly a dark music video. The lyrics state 'ring me, tame me you can never change me' and 'bend me break me anyway you need me'  this comes before the initial quote, from this order we can connote that as the song is progressing we can tell that she is getting more and more fed up of the  controlling relationship. From this we can connote that the song is potentially about a relationship that is controlling and initially she is going with the flow and saying that 'i think I'm paranoid, manipulated' .
 There are also close shots of other body parts such as her legs and her dancing around. The location is a plain white background which is very simple and attracts attention to the female protagonist in the music video. 'I fall down just to give you a thrill', here we can easily connote that in the beginning of the relationship she was willing told o anything to please the other person in the relationship. Even through they were pushing her down she was infatuated by them and it was conditional love.

Again in this music video there is the female protagonist in the front and she is singing the lyrics. Therefore performing again, like in the previous video. Where as in this music video she is with the rest of the band and they are also in what looks to be a plain room; however in this music video there is writing on the wall stating 'Stupid Girl' and things such as 'bitch'. The audience can connote from the lyrics and the writing on the walls that there is girl that is a fake and she is constantly lying and destroying the relationship. From initially watching the music video i can connote that there is some narrative enigma about who the song is about because she is singing the song; however she is singing about a stupid girl who is a compulsive liar and is trying to please people. The audience are unsure if she is singing about herself or another female. That either she or another member of the band has been in a relationship with. However looking further into it, The Clash (band) were involved in composing the song song with Shirley Mason and the other members of the band. However looking into the music video, the song was actually written before Shirley Mason joined the group. The rough edit was written by Vig. Vig took a loop from the first 3 seconds of the song 'Train in vain' by the clash for inspiration. the song was about various people that he band new. They could've called it 'Stupid Boy' but they Shirley stated in an 1999 interview ((Wikipedia)) that it would be tedious to have another girl dinging about another foolish boy.

Her morning elegance - Oren Lavie

  My video has been inspired by the music video 'Her morning elegance' by Oren Lavie. The music video is one of few that is a stop start motion video. It is filmed with a female in a bed and she is travelling around and meeting a male. 

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The stop start motion is filmed by taking several images and editing them together to make a continuous clip. I may have taken inspiration from this music video however my music video is going be darker and set in abandoned buildings. The female will be dancing across the screen with different locations in the background. 

Oren Lavie 
Background - Isrealian singer song writer, playwright and theatre director. 
Genre - folk rock

The video 'Her morning elegance' was filmed in 2009 - it was shot in 48 hours without a break

The visuals have a weak connection with the lyrics. 'a cello laying in its case' - there was then cello coming across the screen. Then there were her lyrics 'she fights for her life on the train'. We then denote the main character on the train using the sheets. 

Genre characteristics
The genre characteristics of a indie pop song are generally darker hues and tones of the camera footage. Whereas in 'Her morning elegance' the lighting is bright and natural. The music video was filmed in a 48 hour period with no break according to wikipedia. We are able to denote that the music video doesn't fit genre characteristics of an indie pop band. The music video follows some genre conventions of the indie genre. The genre implies that the music video has one main protagonist that the camera follows. The music video may not follow the genre conventions strongly but the camera does stay on the main protagonist throughout the music video. 

Intertextuality 
There isn't any intertextuality in the music video. The protagonist is staying in one place and the background stays the same. The protagonist is staying in the same area of the screen but the sheets are being used as props to edit the background. 

Performance and narrative
The music video is narrative because we can denote that the protagonist is not miming the lyrics and she is moving slowly whilst the camera person is taking photos of her. The music video is telling us the story of a girl that is waking up from bed and we follow her on her day. Initially she is waking up and getting out of bed (not literally). Throughout the music video she has her eyes shut and the male character in the music video has his eyes open. This denotes that  she is dreaming about all these things happening and dreaming about the man in her dreams. In the final close shot she is hugging the man and then he disappears and she isn't hugging anyone. Finally the girl looks directly at the camera and her eyes open; connoting that she has been asleep the whole time and that everything that has just happened was a dream.  
 We are also able to connote her being in a dream because throughout the music video she starts on the train and then eventually falls through the sky and ends up in the ocean. This obviously wouldn't happen in real life therefore we are able to denote the fact that she is dreaming. There is some performance when the male enters there was some performance with him miming the lyrics to the camera. This is the only performance - the female in the music video is not miming. she is asleep throughout therefore inferring that she is dreaming about the male and what is happening in the video. There is some dancing in the way that the female protagonist is dancing in the bed and we see her move upside down and round and round. The narrative is open linear. The female protagonist starts off in bed and she is sleeping still. We then see her waking up and going on a journey. It seems like the journey is normal and a closed linear journey; however then the bed covers turn blue and she is falling through the ocean and we can denote some fish that were represented through socks. This makes the video open linear. In the end we denote that the female protagonist is back in bed and asleep in the same place that she was in, in the beginning.

We Can't Stop analysis

We Can't Stop - Miley Cyrus

Singer - Miley Cyrus
Genre - R&B, pop
Label - RCA
Writers - Mike L. Williams, Ricky Walters, Miley Cyrus, Douglas Davis, Theron Thomas 
Producers - Mike Will, P-Nasty, Rock City

Relationship between lyrics and visuals
In "We Can't Stop" we denote Cyrus perform the song, she is lip-syncing whilst performing in a room. The video was put out to introduce Cyrus' new look. In 2011 Cyrus changed her look dramatically and came out with this music video that effectively stopped social media in it's tracks. Fans and others were not sure how to act. In the initial shot we see a close shot of Cyrus and there is large yellow text saying "Miley Cyrus" this emphasised Cyrus' new look. There is also a connection between lyrics and the visuals. The song is upbeat in some sections, then gradually decreases in pace. When the music decreases in pace we see Cyrus acting more sexual and the movements of the characters in the music video are slower; for example at 2:14 when Cyrus is laying on the couch and then in the swimming pool looking directly at the camera. The pace of the music slows down and the audience are connecting with Cyrus due to her looking directly at the camera and stopping the fast pace partying. However there isn't a direct connection between what Cyrus is singing and the visuals that the audience are denoting. For example when Cyrus sings "waiting in line for the bathroom" we aren't seeing anything to do with the bathroom or people waiting. The audience are denoting Cyrus with a dog behind her.

Genre Characteristics
The pop genre generally involves performance and narrative, the narrative is most often 70% of the overall video. In "Can't Stop" we see Cyrus basically having a party and throughout the video she is lip-syncing the lyrics and looking at the camera. This is showing the audience a non-linear narrative and then also a performance due to her singing at the camera. The first shot is Cyrus singing in a white room looking directly at the camera, this is a typical performance style in pop music. Where as in rock generally there would be a band and also there may be references to audience. I "Can't Stop" we denote Cyrus singing on her own looking at the camera. The music then goes on to be an open narrative of Cyrus holding a party and dancing around with the other characters. The music genre is also classified as R&B. The video involves topics such as; violence, drug use, relationships and drinking. These are all typical conventions of a R&B music video. However throughout the music video these are represented subtly and in unconventional ways. We then denote a two shot. In this two shot we see a typical shot of a couple at a party. We can connote that this shot has links to Cyrus' new image of rebelliousness and the sex appeal. The music video also has the typical genre characteristics of a pop song due the fact that Cyrus is drawing attention to herself throughout the music video. she does this by wearing minimal clothing and overall being in the centre of the screen at all times. The audience can connote that Cyrus is showing her confidence. The audience is also able to connote it being a pop genre because of the close up shots and the shots of the dancing, keeping to the tempo of the upbeat song.

Intertextuality
Cyrus uses Intertextuality in the music video by using products such as 'beats pill' and 'EOS lip balm'. She uses the beats pill initially to play her music. The music begins softly and not that loud. We then denote her turning the volume of the speaker up. Her song is being played through the speaker in the music video. This allows the audience to connote that Cyrus is showing us that the speaker is loud enough to play at a party. Showing the pill  in a positive light; therefore her audience will want to buy one. This is an example of an advertisement within a music video. The audience also denotes the EOS lip balm being used Cyrus. Again this is an example of marketing within a music video. Her audience will see one of their idols using it, and therefore want to go an buy one. We can also denote that Cyrus has a lot of them, allowing the audience to connote that they are affordable.  

Performance/narrative
The initial shot in the music video (of Cyrus) is a close shot of her singing directly to the camera. This is a performance of her singing the intro to the song. As the music video prevails we denote that the video involves an open non-linear narrative as well as a performance. The narrative is open because we cannot connote a beginning, middle and an end. The narrative is also non-linear because there are sections in-between the narrative that are performance of Cyrus signing. There are a variety of shots throughout the music video. We are able to connote that the music video is sexual. Through the music video there are many mid shots. In on if the mid shots we see the top half of Cyrus' body and it is panning over her. The angle is used so the audience is able to denote her body. Throughout the video we are able to denote that she is wearing little clothes. We are able to connote that she is implying she can do whatever she wants and is comfortable with her body. The angles allow the audience to notice her body and they highlight the details. Cyrus is implying she wants to be desirable to the audience. When Cyrus starts to dance in the music video, the audience are able to denote that there are more long shots. This is because the long shots get the whole of Cyrus' body in one shot. She is dancing in a seductive manner and this again is highlighting the fact that Cyrus is comfortable with her body and wants to be desirable to her audience. This also has a direct connection with the lyrics "shaking it like we at the strip club". This once again emphasises that she is acting sexual. There is also a scene in which there is a hand held shot. Cyrus is on the floor with her fans. The hand held shot is slightly shaky; emphasising that they don't care about how they are acting and this allows the audience connect with Cyrus and understand. The audience feels involved. The use of the had held shots allows the audience to feel like they are apart of the party. Finally there are also several close shots of Cyrus' face; the audience is able to denote her singing the song. We can see her facial expressions and she is performing the song looking directly at the camera. If there were no close up shots of Cyrus is would be hard for the audience to decipher who the dominate figure is.

Mode of address
Cyrus looks directly at the camera in the beginning close shots as well as in the mid shots when she is laying down and dancing. Cyrus looks at the camera to let the audience feel involved in the music video. The video also makes the audience feel involved in the way that there is hand held camera shots. The gratification theory is at play here. Cyrus is making a direct connection and relationship with the audience.

Star Treatment
We see star treatment in the music video throughout. The use of close shots are used so we are able to denote who the star of the music video is. We are able to denote that Cyrus is the dominate figure in the music video. If she didn't look directly at the camera we wouldn't  be able to see who was the dominant figure due to the fact all the characters in the video wearing similar clothing. There are a lot of characters in the music video because the audience is wanted to be able to denote that they are at a party.

Audience in video
We see a lot of characters in the music video who are dancing with Cyrus. They are all of similar ages; therefore I don't think that there is much audience in the video due to Cyrus' main audience being in the younger to late teens. However the music that they are all dancing to and the clothing that they are wearing; could represent her new audience being more mature.

Representations
The audience can denote that there is a group of people of similar ages. The video  is representing how the younger generation is always partying and having a good time. Women's sexuality is also being represented through the use of the small amount of clothing. The audience is able to connote how the sexual dancing is seen and how easy it is for women to be objectified by people even though they are having a good time. Some of Cyrus' lyrics are represented through the visuals. "Cause we can have so much fun now". We then see people emerge from the bushes and are laughing, we are able to connote that they are prepared to have a good night.

Male Gaze
The audience is able to denote that the characters in the music video are wearing little clothing. They are showing their legs and other parts of their bodies in sexual ways. We denote Cyrus dancing in a sexual way (twerking) and looking directly at the camera. This is making the audience feel involved and have a direct connection with Cyrus herself. The camera is also voyeuristic over Cyrus' body. As she is dancing sexually in the mid and long shots. The camera gets closer to her body showing the details. The wide shots are making Cyrus look irresistible to the audience. This attracts the male audience, making Laura Mulvey (a feminist film critic) status that women are on the screen to be eye candy and are often objectified. Mulvey also stated that shots are often on their legs and other close shots of their body, We denote that there are wide shots of Cyrus sexually dancing and the camera gradually gets closer to individual body parts. We are also able to denote that there are also panning shots of Cyrus' body whilst she is in the pool wearing sheer clothing.

Pace
We can denote that when the pace of the music slows down we denote that the shots last longer and the movement in the shots are slower. For example when we see Cyrus in the pool and at the beginning and the end of the video. The music is slower and Cyrus doesn't twerk or dance as sexually than in the other shots. she is looking directly at the camera and there is close shots. The pace is manly upbeat, due to the fact it is a pop and R&B song. They are often dancing to the song as if they are at a party therefore it has to be fast paced.

Shots
Overall the music video focuses on sexual aspects of the party scene. Throughout there are many mid shots. There is a mid shot that focuses on the top half of Cyrus' body, the angle is used to show off her body and let the audience connote that she is comfortable with her body. Throughout the video Cyrus wears minimal clothing to show off her body; this is allowing the audience to denote her new look and possibly get new audience. We are able to connote that she is flaunting her body to show that she shows she can do anything and be anything. When Cyrus begins to dance the shots change to long shots. This is so the audience is able denote her whole body. This is to highlight Cyrus' body once again and sexualize her. This adds to the aim of the video. She is trying to show her audience and get new audience to understand the new Miley Cyrus. Like I said earlier in the analysis there is also a handheld shot. This is to enable to audience too feel apart of the music video and get involved. The shot is of Cyrus and her friends having a good time, this implies that she doesn't care what she does anymore and is going to be who she wants and do what she wants. This is also a sense of intertextuality, due tot eh fact outside of this video, Cyrus herself was going through changes in personality and showing her audience who she really is. She stopped pretending. to be something she wasn't (so she claimed).

Effects
The editing puts everything together so that the visuals match the lyrics. There are many quick cuts throughout the music video. The use of the quick cuts draw attention to the variety of scenes and what is happening in these scenes. The music video is swift moving and the audience are able to denote that the clips fit well together and all the shots are cut quickly. The use of quick shots allows the audience to denote the many personalities of Cyrus and we see her being crazy, seductive and funny. She sings "we can do what we want". This has a direct connection with the visuals of Cyrus acting crazy. Through certain scenes we can see jump cuts. The jump cuts are used to show that there is a variety of things happening throughout the video. We can denote that there is drugs and alcohol references in the video. The jump cuts could be used to allow the audience to connote that the characters are on drugs or drunk. There are many random topics that are in the jump shots. there are a lot of irrelevant and random scenes. These make the scenes look like hallucinations. The scenes change from innocent dancing to sexual dancing because the drugs and or alcohol has changed them. The music video also appears to have quick editing. Some of this quick editing is to occur to match the lyrics and the visuals. We can denote that a lot of the visuals match the lyrics. "So la da da di we like to party" we then denote the characters in the video partying in the pool and dancing. the quick editing also implies to the audience that time is going by quick and they aren't paying attention to the time. Time flies by when they have fun.

Mis-en-scene
In the establishing shot we see a pink pair of scissors. Other pink items that we see throughout the music video are the EOS lip balms, beats pill and the pink goo that represents blood. There is also pink dimmed lighting throughout. The colour pink could be represented as youthful and feminine. Therefore could represent the youthful partying in the video. Cyrus is constantly wearing little clothing or tight clothing. This represents that she is comfortable with her body and she is showing herself in a sexual way. Because this was one of her first videos after having a change in appearance; she was showing the audience her new self and how she is now more mature. She is gaining a new audience. We can denote Cyrus' facial expressions throughout the video are constantly smiling and her being happy. This is the new her and she is happy with it. she doesn't care what people think of her anymore and is enjoying herself. Throughout the video she ears two predominant colours; black and white. This has been used to contrast the rest of the music video, using bright colours and bright lighting. For example we see a bright coloured donut and bright backgrounds. By Cyrus wearing small simple clothing, this doesn't fit the general conventions of the pop genre. Generally they wear over dramatic clothing. However with Cyrus wearing simple small clothing she stands out in comparison to the other characters in the music video.

Mr Brightside analysis

Mr Brightside - The killers 

Singer - Brandon Flowers
Genre - Alternative Rock 
Label - Lizard King
Writers - Brandon Flowers, David Keuning
Producers - The killers 

Relationship between visuals and lyrics 
The relationship between visuals and lyircs in the music video are weak but they do have a direct connection. There is a lot of shots of the band performing and playing in time with the lyrics. There is also a narrative of a love triangle. There are performance and narrative shots. There are common conventions of a indie/rock genre. The common convention of the killers performing and then the indie convention is the narrative and the extravagant colours and clothing. The video and the lyrics are both about to men a female in a love triangle. These characters are played by actors and then the lead singing himself Brandon Flower. The visuals show us that the female kissed another male and that Flower is getting jealous. The lyrics "jealousy turning snakes into the sea" reflect this. The narrative doesn't directly have a relationship with the lyrics; however it the narrative reflects the lyrics meanings and ideas. 

Genre Characteristics
The genre of the song "Mr. Brightside" is indie/rock. The typical conventions of a indie are usually unique and abstract. The song writer and director created an artistic and abstract video out of something small and simple. Typical genre characteristics of an rock would be for the music video to show some performance in the video instead of being a simple narrative. Pop music usually sticks to the narrative; whereas rock either mixes or just performance. the majority of the camera shots are close ups of the bands faces or instruments. These are also typical genre conventions of rock music. The face of the band is flower himself therefore most of the camera shots (whilst they were performing) are focused on his face.

Intertextuality
The music video has taking inspiration from the film "Moulin Rouge". It is similar to "Moulin Rouge" in the way of the love triangle and the mis-en-scene. There are also a few references to "snow White". In the first few seconds we denote the female protagonist gets thrown an apple and she is dressed in all white. The red apple is symbolising poison and the story of Adam and Eve. The apple is causing destruction in the means of temptation and mistakes. flower chucks her the apple and then she goes to kiss another man. He is pushing her away and towards other men with his possessiveness. We are also able to connote Flowers possessiveness through the lyrics; "I want it all".

Performance and narrative
The first thing we see in the initial wide shot is a stage and the killers standing on the stage performing. Gradually throughout the video we see the performance and the narrative having interlocking shots. There is a "Moulin Rouge" setting, the location is all set in one place however it is a large location with multiple rooms. The rooms allow the multiple relationships that are going on to be shown in private. Even though most of the time the couples are running into these private rooms alone, the other member of the love triangle ends up being there and seeing what is happening. This is another representation of how jealously can effect a person in love. The audience is able to connote that the song and the visuals are about jealousy in a relationship and how it can become toxic due o the jealousy turning into possession. There are also shots of the instruments and they are plugged in; making the performance authentic. This allows the audience to denote the band is playing live to this "Moulin Rouge" audience. The girls are dancing to this song therefore making it even more authentic and realistic.

Narrative
The narrative is about a man that falls in love with a women that is already in a relationship. We denote that Flower and the female protagonist are dancing together, this could signify that they are having relations. The other man in the relationship finds out about Flower and the female protagonist, therefore finding out about the affair. Both Flower and the other man argue over her and flower looses her. Flower doesn't stop seeing her. Overall the narrative is about adult relationships; however we connote that they are playing childish games. This can attract to the younger audiences. There is a closed non linear narrative. The close narrative occurs due to the fact the audience can denote in the beginning that there is a love triangle and Flower is jealous and pushing the female protagonist is being pushed away. In the middle of the music video we can see the action occurring. Initially we denote the band performing on the stage; then in the middle we see the action occurring, both Flower and the other man are with the female protagonist. Finally the last shot we see the other man in the love triangle walk away from her. We can connote that Flower and the female protagonist end up together. However the narrative is also non-linear due to the fact that there are performance shots interlocking with the narrative shots. Propp's theory can be applied in this music video. We can denote that there is a 'hero' that is Flower. There is also the villain that is the other male in the love triangle. The audience can also denote a princess. That was the third wheel in the love triangle. the hero is the character that seeks something; that something being the female protagonist. We can connote that the other male is the villain due to Propp's theory stating that the villain in  the music video is the person that gets in the way of the hero getting something. Finally we can apply Propp's theory to "Mr. Brightside" by calling the female protagonist the princess. She acts as the reward for the hero. The hero (Flower) ends up with the female protagonist. One of Barthes codes can also be applied to the music video. The proairetic code can be applied. We are left wondering throughout the video what is going to happen next and who is going to end up with the female protagonist. The tension is building up throughout the video; the killers do this by the audience viewing the females and the males love affair. The man she was originally with is gradually figuring it out. This is building tension because as the audience we are unsure as to what the male is going to do. We can also apply Levi-Straus' theory of binary opposites. We can denote that there is a love triangle. We can denote the other male in the love triangle, being a negative character. We connote him being evil and the male protagonist (Flower) being the hero. This shows the binary oppositions of evil vs. good.

Mode of address
Flower does look directly at the camera whilst there is a close shot of his face in the beginning. This is breaking the fourth wall. It is said that Flower was looking at the camera because he was the face of marketing for the killers at the time. With Flower looking through the camera it is making a direct connection with the audience and it makes the audience feel like he is looking at us. The gratifications theory would state that Flower is building a personal relationship with the audience.

Star Treatment
The lead singer of the killers is singled out throughout the video. He was known as the key marketing angle for the killers. In many of their music videos there is close shots of Flower looking directly into the camera at the audience. Therefore in "Mr. Brightside" when he looks directly at the camera we are able to connote that he is the star of the music video. We are also able to connote this through the fact that he is playing a character in the love triangle. Not only is he involved in the performance with the rest of the band; but he is also deeply involved in the narrative, instead of getting another actor they use him, so that the audience is able to get involved in the love triangle and are able to connect with him and the love triangle.

Representations
The imagery has strong intertextualty references to Moulin rouge. the girls are seen wearing provocative clothing. The audience can denote the girls being controlled by the men in the music video. Over the female gender is represented as being an objects of pleasure for the men. The colour red also represents lust and love in the music video. Also red can represent the emotion anger; we can connote that the men in the room may be feeling lust for the women, Flower may be feeling love for the female protagonist. Then the women may have a sense of anger towards the situation. As the narrative proceeds the audience emphasises with the male protagonists (Flower) wanting him to get the girl in the end.

Male Gaze
There is voyeurism in the music video. The main female protagonist is displayed as a prostitute and is being controlled by another men. There are shots of the girl lifting up her skirt among with the other girls. This is showing the voyeuristic side of men and how they observe women as an object of pleasure. The females in the music video are mainly shots of their body. There are close shots of their legs and they are lifting up their skirts to show more leg. This relates to what Carole Clover stated; saying that women are showing their bodies in order to imply that they wish to express their sexual confidence.

Pace
The overall pace is fast. The drum beat is fast and all the visuals are fast moving.

Shots
The shots are 80/20 narrative to performance. We denote the performance of "The Killers" is occurring to break up the narrative. When the audience denote the performance we can see that there are more close shots of Flower himself and then medium shots of the rest of the band due to the fact that they are not as important to narrative as Flower himself. Because Flower is the protagonist in the narrative the shots in the performance are mainly on him and the instruments. The audience can connote that Flower is more important than the rest of the band members. The shot variety in the narrative are more varied. The audience can connote in the narrative that the video is focussing on both the female and male protagonist and the male antagonist. Overall the shots are focussing on the main characters and the mis-en-scene. There is one location throughout; however the location has several small rooms, enabling the two protagonists in the love triangle to run off together and then have the antagonist following them. In the narrative there are generally wide shots of the characters; this allows the audience to denote the Moulin rouge theme in the music video. We can see the females dancing and lifting up their skirts in a provocative way. The medium long shots are also used to enable the audience to denote that their are three people in the relationship. Also there are shot reverse shots of the female protagonist and male antagonist and protagonist. This is allowing the audience to infer the relationship between the three characters. went tre is shot reverse shot, they use close shots to enable the audience to see the characters facial expressions. The facial expressions allows the audience to connote the emotions that are occurring between the three. For example when we see Flower looking at the male antagonist, we can understand there is some hatred and jealously occurring in the eye contact. Then when Flower looks at the female protagonist; we can connote there is a sense of love and want to be together.

Effects
There aren't any visual effects added to the music video. The theme of the Moulin Rouge and the colour red are strong and it represents love, lust and anger. There are mainly quick cutaway transition shots. They are quick cutaway shots so that the audience don't notice the cut away shots and the narrative is coherent and fast paced.

Mis-en-scene
The mis-en-scene was heavily inspired by the film "Moulin Rouge". The location and the room was designed heavily in the colour red. The colour red can represent the feelings of love, lust and anger. In the film Moulin Rouge the girls are portrayed as being items of pleasure and they are dressed in provocative clothing much like in the music video. Moulin Rouge is about a young writer to comes to Paris to the drug and prostitution lifestyle. "Moulin Rouge" is about an underground night club in which the rich and poor men are able to visit and have a good time. Things then take a turn for the worst when the main character has a love affair and becomes in danger. He is in over his head. The audience in the music video can connote that Flower relates to the main character in Moulin Rouge. The room is red and the costume designs are over dramatic and the female characters aren't wearing a lot of clothing. The men's costume's are three piece suits, therefore the audience can connote that they are of higher status.

Dani california analysis

dani california - Red hot chili peppers 

Singer - Anthony Kiedis
Genre - Funk Rock
Label - Warner Bros. 
Writers - Flea, Fruciante, Keidis and Smith
Producer - Rick Reubin

Relationship between visuals and lyrics
The relationship between visuals and lyrics in "Dani California" are indirect. The characters in the music video are members of the band. We can denote that each performance that we see is a different era represtented by the costume and makeup. The song is about a girl called Dani California in which the singer (Anthony Kiedis) wrote about a young southern girl who died young and ended up living in California. Kiedis stated that the girl in which the song is about is a composite of all the girls Kiedis dated over the years. Dani featured in a few other of the Red hot Chili Pepper's songs throughout  the years. Dani California is about how Dani travelled from Mississippi to California and  ended up getting killed by a man "gunnin" from North Dakota. The visuals don't have a direct connection with the lyrics. We can denote that the RHCP's are changing costumes throughout he video. The RHCP's are dressed representing important figures and movements in the history of rock music. The band mainly focussed on the different eras of rock music. The audience were able to denote this through the mis-en-scene. Therefore the visuals and the lyrics were focussing on different subjects.

Genre Characteristics
The genre of the RHCP is rock/indie. Typical rock genre conventions are that the band perform their song instead of a narrative performance. the shooting material appropriate is that they chose to suit the typical rock conventions. The audience are able to connote that the RHCP are a rock band through the use of the performance and also due to the fact they are performing representing rock through history.

Intertextuality
The RCHP use intertextuality all the way through the music video. Intertextuality is shown through the use of the mis-en-scene. The RHCP dress as different acts and themes of rock music in history. The RHCP represent era's such as; rockabilly, British invasion, psychedelic, funk, glam, punk, Goth, grunge and hair metal. They also represent rock artists such as; Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Jimmy Hendrix, Cream, Parliament-funkadelic, David Bowie, Sex pistols, Slade, the Misfits', Glenn Danzig, Poison, Nirvana and the Red Hot Chili Peppers themselves. these are all people who played a part in making rock music what is it today and what it was in 2006 when "Dani California" was recorded.

Performance
All throughout the music video it is a performance by the RHCP. There is lip syncing throughout. However it is made to look like the RHCP's are performing live in different era's. In the initial scene there is static movement of the camera and the shots are in black and white. They then use a brighter hue to give the atmosphere of the 80'.s All the different era's are shot on the same stage in the same place. However the props and costume change with every era or representation of a rock act. With every change of era or act the shot is directly in front of the RHCP and is a medium shot; giving the audience chance to get the full image. the camera is directly across to make the audience feel like they are the audience live. The instruments are plugged in and they are electric towards the end. In the first scene there are instruments applicable to that time. We see Flea playing the cello instead of the bass. The band are mainly rocking around the change in an un practiced fashion.

Mode of address
the singer (Kiedis) never loos directly at the camera. He is performing in different era's as if there is an audience; therefore he doesn't look directly at the camera be' (ut mainly focuses on performing "live". there isn't a direct connection with the band and the audience.

Star Treatment
All the shots are of the band. There is no other shots of the audience of other people. However there is star treatment in the way that the RHCP's are playing era's and rock artists through the years. they are idolising people like Elvis and Jimmy Hendrix. In the end of the song 'Dani California' there is even a guitar solo that is a different verion of Jimmy Hendrix's guitar solo in the song 'Purple Haze' (wikipeadia). By the end of the video we see the RHCP's as themselves. They finish as themselves.

Audience
The audience in their video is shown because they are performing the song as if there is an audience watching them .The stage is in there same location all the way through but the props are changing therefore making it look like there is a different audience each time.  By the RHCP's dressing up as famous rock artists in history they are signifying that their audience will know who these artists are and possibly be fans of them as well as the RHCP's themselves.

Representations
The representations of the rock genre are presented as being inspiration for rock music today. The RHCP's are dressing up as certain rock era's and artists. Everyone who that are dressing up as are being represented as being powerful and leaders of the rock music genre. The music video end with the RHCP's themselves and the music artists that they have been dressing up as could represent what inspired them to become what type of artist they are to this day. The British band "The Sex Pistols" were represented through the costume and makeup  (much like David bowie was). They were also represented through the close ups and the fast paced movement of the camera shots. the 1980's (glam rock) was also represented by the band singing on stage as if they were playing live rather than in an music video. They all wore sleeveless tops with black hair. This helped the audience connote that they were playing to the era of glam rock and this applied to the typical rock conventions. The 70's era was represented by the band members wearing floral shirts and the hue of the shots was increased, this emphasised the colours and made them appear brighter to the audience. These effects were common in the 70's. Anthony appears to be playing prince at this point. The audience is able to denote this due to the costume and makeup. He is wearing a black wig and is wearing clothes that prince is likely to be associated at the time. The second scene is were the RHCP's represent the Beatles in the 1960's. They were a very popular band in the 60's.

Pace
The music doesn't change pace throughout, however the speed of the camera shots and the variation changes with every era or artist. In the first era we see 1950's rock music. The video is in black and white and the camera movement is static and has few different shots. this was common in the 50's to have little variation in the speed because it cost a lot of money to create a video. whereas in the "Sex Pistols" section the camera pace increases and the shots are shorter. This is authentic British music video conventions in the 70's. This helps the audience denote the era in each section. The audience is able to denote each era through costume and through the camera work. for example in the glam rock era. We are able to denote it being glam rock due to the fact that the RHCP's are performing the song as if they are live, which is a typical convention of glam rock. The camera angles help us as the audience connote that they are singing as if they are live due to the low angle shots of them playing the instruments and the crane shots. the shots are fast and mainly focus on the instruments and the artists faces and hand movements.

Shot variety
The shot variety changes throughout the music video. There are 22 different era and artists that the RHCP's represent. The shots vary throughout. For example in the first scene there it is 50's rock and the shots are long and they are static. The transition with a harsh cut. There is a black and white filter to make it look as if it was set in the 50's. Minimal transition edits are applied to this section; this enables the audience to be able to denote the 50's theme. The second scene is supposed to represent the Beatles. They presented this by the video also being in black and white however the intensity has been lowered and there isn't as much contrast. We then denote the prince scene. the camera movements are coming in and out of focus. There is a lot of shots of Anthony's shoulder in focus and then the background drummer or guitarist is out of focus. With in the same shot the focus changes. The shots are transitioned by a swipe effect or an fade out. We then see the glam rock; in which Anthony is dressed up in a white suit. The shots are static zooming out of him initially. There is also low shots of the guitarist. This allows the audience to denote the glam rock theme and how the RHCP's are performing live. There are shots of therefore and multi-coloured lighting much like in the 70's. There are also shots that multiply the musicians. This reminds the audience of there band queen. We then see the representation of Bowie. Anthony is dressed in a shiny blue suit and his dancing is denoting Bowie and his extravagance. There is then the Goth stage in which the shot variety is face paced and there is different angles of the artist every 0:02 seconds. This is fast paced and the shots are generally close shots. There are side and direct shots of their faces and instruments.

Effects
There are different effects in each era. Each effect applies to the era making it look authentic to the audience.